Small kidney stones may cause pain until you pass them, which usually takes 1 or 2 days.
A GP may recommend a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) to help with pain.
Make sure you're drinking enough fluid. If your pee is dark, it means you're not drinking enough. Your pee should be pale in colour.
If your kidney stones are causing severe pain, your GP may send you to hospital for tests and treatment.
2，Treating large kidney stones
If your kidney stones are too big to be passed naturally, they're usually removed by surgery.
Surgery for treating kidney stones：
The main types of surgery for removing kidney stones are:
shockwave lithotripsy (SWL)
ureteroscopy
percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)
Your type of surgery will depend on the size and location of your stones.
（1）Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL)
SWL involves using ultrasound (high-frequency sound waves) to pinpoint where a kidney stone is.
Ultrasound shock waves are then sent to the stone from a machine to break it into smaller pieces so it can be passed in your urine.SWL can be an uncomfortable form of treatment, so it's usually carried out after giving painkilling medication.
You may need more than 1 session of SWL to successfully treat your kidney stones.
（2）Ureteroscopy
Ureteroscopy involves passing a long, thin telescope called a ureteroscope through the tube urine passes through on its way out of the body (the urethra) and into your bladder. It's then passed up into your ureter, which connects your bladder to your kidney.
The ureteroscope can either be rigid or flexible. Rigid ureteroscopy is usually performed to deal with stones that are stuck in the ureter. Flexible ureteroscopy is a newer procedure and uses a ‘steerable’ endoscope, usually in conjunction with a laser (Lasertripsy) to fragment stones in the kidney itself.
Ureteroscopy is carried out under general anaesthetic, where you're asleep.
（3）Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)
PCNL involves using a thin endoscope called a nephroscope. A small cut (incision) is made in your back and the nephroscope is passed through it and into your kidney. The stone is either pulled out or broken into smaller pieces using a laser or pneumatic energy.
PCNL is always carried out under general anaesthetic.
3，Complications of treatment
Complications could include:
sepsis, an infection that spreads through the blood, causing symptoms throughout the whole body
